「華人戴明學院」是戴明哲學的學習共同體 ,致力於淵博型智識系統的研究、推廣和運用。 The purpose of this blog is to advance the ideas and ideals of W. Edwards Deming.

2013年7月18日 星期四

品質眾生相 (46-47): 孟加拉和印度的「豆腐渣工程」

品質眾生相 (47)

H&M等制衣商簽孟加拉安全協議

救援人員在4月24日坍塌的工廠建築物現場,目前廢墟清理和搜救工作已基本完成。死亡人數已多達1127人。
A.M. Ahad/Associated Press
救援人員在4月24日坍塌的工廠建築物現場,目前廢墟清理和搜救工作已基本完成。死亡人數已多達1127人。

上個月,孟加拉國名為拉納廣場(Rana Plaza)工廠區發生坍塌,致使超過1100人死亡。之後,幾家全球最大的成衣公司,受到了改善該國制衣廠工作條件的巨大壓力。周一,這些公司就一項里程碑式的計劃達成了共識,他們將會出資增強消防安全,改善工廠環境。
勞工和消費者團體稱讚該協議是一項重大突破。與此同時,孟加拉國政府也針對4月24日發生在首都達卡郊外的拉納廣場的慘劇,採取了應對措施。在最近兩天時間裡,政府承諾提高制衣廠工人薪資、修改勞動法規、簡化成立工會要求。
  • 檢視大圖 亞特蘭大市H&M店內的顧客。作為孟加拉國服裝業最大客戶,H&M周一同意為該國改善消防安全和建築質量提供資金支持。
    David Goldman/Associated Press
    亞特蘭大市H&M店內的顧客。作為孟加拉國服裝業最大客戶,H&M周一同意為該國改善消防安全和建築質量提供資金支持。
  • 檢視大圖 一名孟加拉國兒童給母親拭淚。她的母親認為,上個月達卡市郊薩瓦的建築物坍塌後,有親屬被埋在瓦礫之下。
    Munir Uz Zaman/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
    一名孟加拉國兒童給母親拭淚。她的母親認為,上個月達卡市郊薩瓦的建築物坍塌後,有親屬被埋在瓦礫之下。
國際品牌和孟加拉國政府同時公布的措施,標誌着一個重大轉 變。多年來,孟加拉國見證了全球制衣產業中一些最惡劣的用工行為。其工資水平為世界最低,起薪大約為每月37美元(約合227元人民幣),工廠的條件通常 不安全。可是國際品牌往往會努力推卸有關這些問題的直接責任,而政府通常並不熱心保護工人的權利。
但拉納廣場事件是制衣業歷史上死亡人數最多的事故,產生了 巨大的要求變革的壓力。瑞典零售業巨頭H&M和廣受歡迎的Zara連鎖店的所屬公司Inditex,在周一上午簽署支持安全計劃。幾個小時內,荷 蘭零售商C&A也簽署協議,英國廉價零售商店Primark和樂購(Tesco)也加入其中。
「對於我們來說,消防安全和建築安全是極其重要的問題,我 們在該領域投入了很多努力與資源,」H&M可持續發展部門負責人海倫娜·赫耳墨松(Helena Helmersson)說。「有了這項承諾,我們現在可以在這個問題上產生更大的影響。我們希望大家簽署協議,組成廣泛的聯盟,從而保證該協議能夠在當地 有效地發揮作用。」

H&M是孟加拉國最大的服裝購買商,人們認為該公司簽署協議對其他品牌產生了影響。該協議要求在西方零售商的資助下,對工廠安全進行獨立、嚴格的檢查,面對公眾問責,進行強制性維修和翻新。協議還提升了工人及工會的作用,以便確保工廠安全。

「H&M簽署協議的決定是至關重要的,」工人權利 共同體(Worker Rights Consortium)執行總監斯科特·諾瓦(Scott Nova)說。「H&M甚至超越了沃爾瑪(Walmart),是孟加拉國最大的成衣生產商。該協議現在有了很強的動力。」這家總部設在華盛頓的工 廠監督團體,受到美國175所學院和大學的支持。

勞 工團體和其他組織已經在嘗試向包括沃爾瑪和蓋璞 (Gap)在內的其他品牌施壓,要求他們簽署該協議。「過去6個月,孟加拉國發生了多起工廠事故,包括拉納廣場事故,那裡正在上演悲劇。我們代表在事故中 喪生的逾1250名紡織工人,呼籲這些公司做出正確的事,」國際網絡工會(UNI Global Union)秘書長菲利普·J·詹寧斯(Philip J. Jennings)說。「這是一個非黑即白,事關生死的問題。」

有超過90萬人在網上請願,要求蓋璞簽署該協議。但該公司不願接受這項協議的法律約束力,因而拒絕簽署協議,並表示該公司已經僱傭了一名消防檢查者,還承諾提供2200萬美元貸款改善工廠環境。

卡文克萊(Calvin Klein)、湯美費格(Tommy Hilfiger)和艾索德(Izod)的母公司菲力士泛優遜(PVH)宣布將簽署該項協議。PVH此前已經簽署了這項提議擴展前的版本。新計劃將持續五 年,而上一份計劃僅持續兩年時間。周一,PVH還宣布,作為新計劃的一部分,將提供250萬美元,作為工廠安全改進的開銷。

同時,孟加拉國內閣在周一批准了對勞動法的修改,但修改還需要經過議會通過。孟加拉國總理的高級顧問高和·里茲維(Gowher Rizvi)表示,法規修改是政府逐步遵守國際勞工標準,提高工作條件的努力的一部分。

里茲維在電話採訪中表示,「工人安全和工人福利現在已經被提到首要的位置。」他說,對於這些修改的探討在拉納廣場(Rana Plaza)坍塌前就開始了,但他同意這場災難加強了對於改革的壓力。

他形容制衣業對孟加拉國的重要性說,「這是只下金蛋的鵝,不應殺鵝取卵。我們必須讓它發展壯大,必須扶持它。這就意味着要公平地對待工人。」
孟加拉國現在是世界第二大服裝出口國,僅次於中國。該國的低工資和監管缺失,幫助該國吸引了來自西方零售商和服裝品牌數十億美元訂單。這裡不僅工資是全世界最低的,而工會也因為在組建中遇到了障礙,而難以在服裝工廠中出現。一些試圖組建工會的工人遭到了解僱或受到了騷擾。

孟加拉國勞工部長米凱爾·施帕(Mikail Shipar)稱,周一內閣還取消了一項苛刻的限制。根據現行規定,組織者必須向政府出具一份名單,以顯示一家工廠內至少有30%的工人想要組建工會。但 這份名單最後將被轉交給工廠主,來驗證這些姓名的真實性。這一步驟被一些工廠主用來從事工會破壞活動,並解僱工會支持者。

這份名單將不會再轉交給工廠主,施帕說,去除了「在一家工廠中登記工會的重要障礙。」

其他修改涉及員工福利,將為工齡較長的工人提高遣散費和退休金;福利基金中的年金將會被平均化,這樣每一名服裝工人都將獲得相同的金額,不論其所在的工廠規模有多大。
孟加拉國有大約5000家服裝廠,僱傭了超過450萬人, 近80%是女性,其中許多來自農村,沒有受過良好教育。在過去,即便是工廠的低工資,也比下地幹活收入高。但隨着過去兩年里通貨膨脹加劇,制衣工人對於低 工資越來越憤慨。周日,至少有100家服裝工廠被迫關閉,因為工人們舉行示威活動,要求提高工資。

到周一下午,拉納廣場慘劇的死亡人數已經到達1127人。工作人員已經基本完成了廢墟清理和受害者搜尋,然而失蹤工人的家人,仍在那裡徘徊。

Steven Greenhouse自紐約、Jim Yardley自新德里報道。Julfikar Ali Manik自孟加拉國達卡對本文有報道貢獻。
翻譯:林蒙克、許欣

品質眾生相 (46):

印度房地產開發中的「豆腐渣工程」

印度孟買——最近的一系列建築倒塌事件引起了人們對這個城市大量粗製濫造的建築的關注。感覺好像每周都有最新災難的報道。死亡人數預計會隨着季風的增強而上升。
新聞媒體和政界的注意力主要集中在獨立前那段時間和獨立後 不久修建的大量老舊建築上。然而,年代久遠並不是導致孟買周邊的塔納市一棟建築垮塌的原因,發生在4月的那起事故造成大約74人死亡。那是一棟還在建設中 的大樓。(而且,和塔納的大部分建築一樣,那棟樓的建設施工是非法的,沒有任何官方機構授權和監管。)上月,孟買附近一棟有34年歷史的大樓倒塌,造成至 少10人死亡。上周,一棟建成約10年的大樓發生垮塌,造成至少六人死亡,二十多人受傷。年代久遠同樣無法解釋這兩起事故。
無形的因素,比如錯誤的城市政策和無節制的房地產市場投機,要承擔主要責任。
最近造成人員傷亡的建築垮塌事件中,大部分都發生在孟買的 邊緣地帶。在那裡,人們會發現大量草草建成的居民區。那些居民區是用來吸納孟買的中產階級白領的,這些人在孟買市裡找不到任何能負擔得起的住所。他們中的 許多人每天要坐幾個小時的火車上下班,火車非常擁擠,以至於時常出現乘客被擠下去的事件,而這正是投機者的狂歡所帶來的附帶損害。
充滿泡沫的房地產行業同時推高了建築物的價格和高度、加速 了建築施工的速度、降低了孟買及周邊地區新建築的質量。許多房產主要是被當做資產,會被買來再賣給投資者。房屋主人往往寧願房屋空着,因為這樣交易起來更 便利。這在一定程度上解釋了政府2011年進行人口普查時得到的結果。那次人口普查發現,在全球最擁擠的都市地區之一,近50萬處房屋和公寓是空置的。
從官方來看,可能只有高層建築能應對孟買的龐大人口和土地短缺,並以此證明了他們推崇高層建築的合理性。現在,孟買在建的高樓有幾十棟,高度在300英尺(約合91米)或以上。而且投資者正在計劃修建全球第二高建築,該樓高約2300英尺。
但長期以來,垂直發展的論調一直為建築師和城市規劃者們所 駁斥。每一棟高樓都要求在地面上佔有一片地區,因為新的高樓住戶需要輔路、露天場所和其他服務設施。此外,大樓修得越高,施工和維護費用越貴。而且,印度 低收入群體的預算也承擔不起高層建築,這解釋了為何過去十年孟買南部的高層建築更多了,但居住人口卻減少了。
遵循上述錯誤邏輯,當局正在推進貧民窟的改造,孟買各個區 域都存在貧民窟,據信,該市60%的人口都住在貧民窟。自20世紀90年代起,貧民窟改造局(Slum Rehabilitation Authority)主動請求投資者拆毀貧民窟,對土地進行再開發,只要他們將部分土地用於為拆遷的居民修建新房屋。
這種房屋難免會被擠壓成高層建築,以便留出儘可能多的土地 用於開發項目。這些建築通常都是粗製濫造的,並存在潛在隱患。相關的維護費非常高,而且僅僅幾年之後,生鏽、房頂漏水、牆面破裂的現象就會非常普遍。此 外,這些建築不適宜那種在家中進行的經濟活動,以及老社區常見的街頭零售活動。最終,很多人賣掉房子,搬到貧民窟。
政府所謂的「貧民窟」,而不是匆忙新建的住宅區,極有可能成為功能齊備的社區,這是人們生活的地方,有集市和社區慶祝活動時,步行街熙熙攘攘,在這種情況下,人口極其密集的情況也是可以接受的,在這裡,孩子們可以在知根知底的鄰居的看護下玩耍。
這些社區面臨嚴重的問題,比如不完善的供水及下水道系統,但這不是進行全面再開發的正當理由。升級人口密集的城市的基礎設施並不是一件複雜的事情。20世紀80年代,東京和和孟買部分地區都成功地完成了基礎設施更新,很多南美的城市如今也正在進行更新。
除此之外,我們發現這些社區中建築的質量比該市其他地方要好得多。在大部分情況下,這些房屋是由當地的泥瓦匠修建的。他們依靠在街坊鄰居中的好口碑獲得合同。這與大型開發商不同,他們通常在建築出售後就消失不見,更不用說建築倒塌的時候了。
隨着孟買市政府設法杜絕悲慘的建築倒塌事故,他們或許能夠從這些當地社區中學到一些東西,他們現在只把這些地方視作再開發的原材料。一些大型開發商也可以學習當地建築者的職業道德和技藝。孟買無法通過引入那些在不久將成為安全隱患的建築,來解決過度擁擠的問題。

馬蒂亞斯·埃查諾韋(Matias Echanove)和拉胡爾·斯里瓦斯塔瓦(Rahul Srivastava)是城市學協會(Institute of Urbanology)和本土城市(Homegrown Cities)計劃的創始人。

 Boom and Bust at the Same Time

MUMBAI, India — A RECENT wave of building collapses has brought attention to this city’s large number of poorly built structures. It feels as if every week brings fresh reports of a new disaster. The death toll is expected to rise with the monsoons.
News media and political attention have mostly focused on the vast stock of old buildings from the pre-independence period and immediately after. Yet old age wasn’t the cause of the collapse of a building in Thane, a city on the outskirts of Mumbai, that killed around 74 people in April. That building was still under construction. (And, like a majority of buildings in Thane, the construction was illegal — neither authorized nor overseen by any official agency.) Old age cannot explain the caving in of a 34-year-old building that killed at least 10 people near here last month either, nor the collapse of a building, about a decade old, that killed at least six people and injured more than two dozen last week.


Intangible factors, like faulty urban policies and unchecked real-estate speculation, bear the prime responsibility.
Most of the recent casualties have taken place in the far periphery of Mumbai, where one finds a sprawling landscape of hastily built residential blocks meant to absorb white-collar middle-class Mumbaikars who struggle to find anything even remotely affordable in the city. Many of them commute for hours daily in trains so packed that people routinely fall out — collateral damage of the speculative euphoria.
A bombastic real estate sector has simultaneously pushed up the price and heights of buildings, accelerated the speed of construction and lowered the quality of new structures in and around Mumbai. Many properties are conceived primarily as assets, to be bought and sold to investors. Owners often prefer empty flats because they can be traded more easily. This partly explains why, according to a government census in 2011, nearly half a million houses and flats are vacant in one of the most crowded metropolitan areas on earth.
Officially, the promotion of a vertical skyline has been justified on the grounds that high-rise structures are the only possible response to Mumbai’s huge population and land shortage. Dozens of skyscrapers, 300 feet high or higher, are under construction in Mumbai. Investors are planning to build, at around 2,300 feet, the world’s second tallest structure.
But the argument for verticalization has long been rejected by architects and city planners. Every vertical push also requires a horizontal spread — new high-rise inhabitants need access roads, open space and other services. Besides, the higher you build, the more expensive the construction and maintenance. High-rise structures are also outside the budget of India’s low-income groups, which explains why, in the last decade, south Mumbai has seen both more high-rise buildings and a declining population.
Following the same faulty logic, the authorities are promoting the transformation of slums, which can be found in all parts of the city and where over 60 percent of the population is said to be living. Since the 1990s, the Slum Rehabilitation Authority has offered to let investors raze slums and redevelop the land, so long as they devote part of the site to new housing for the displaced residents.
Inevitably, that housing is squeezed into high-rises, in order to leave as much land open for development as possible. These structures are often shoddily built disasters. Maintenance is expensive, and rust, leaking roofs and cracked walls are common after only a few years. In addition, the buildings are not amenable to the kind of home-based economic activities and street retailing that characterized the old neighborhoods. Eventually, many sell and move out to a slum.
What the government calls “slums” have infinitely more potential to become functional neighborhoods than the hurried development that replaces them. They are habitats where extreme population density is made bearable by pedestrian streets that come alive during bazaars and community festivals, and where children can play under the watchful eye of socializing neighbors.
The problems faced by these neighborhoods, like inadequate water and sewage systems, are serious, but they do not justify wholesale redevelopment. Updating the infrastructure of dense urban environments is not rocket science. It was done successfully in Tokyo and parts of Mumbai in the 1980s, and is being done in many South American cities today.
Moreover, we found that the quality of construction is often much better in these neighborhoods than in other parts of the city. In most cases, local masons build the houses. To get contracts, they rely on their good reputation among their neighbors. This is unlike large developers, who are usually nowhere to be found after a building is sold, let alone if it collapses.
As civic authorities try to stop these tragic building collapses, perhaps they could learn a thing or two from the vernacular neighborhoods that they now see only as raw material for redevelopment. And big developers could learn from the work ethic and craftsmanship of local builders. The city will not solve its overcrowding problems by promoting buildings that could become lethal liabilities in the near future.

'Never be without a project,'



今天我認真地地在YouTube看2004年Robert Hughes主持BBC的現代藝術家評介影集(各集約1小時)  The NEW Shock of the New –這是80年代初的The Shock of the New之續集---此節目後來BBC等2家出版過書冊,有漢譯本。

The NEW Shock of the New「第一集」中訪問/介紹包括David Hockney等數人。主持人Hughes在一篇「衛報」的That's showbusiness 一文中介紹說,很高興Hockney 試過攝影拼貼等「快速藝術」,重用地水彩直接紀錄,而這是。他最擅長的。
其實,片中Hockney充滿熱情地說,他將有另外一番冒險/嘗試 (project)。Hughes 說,你當然有不盡的項目(projects 點子多) 。

我為什麼對project 這字那麼敏感或有興趣呢?

我印象中最深刻的是,Joseph Juran  (「朱蘭」先生,1904-2008)跟兒子Donald Juran和統計學者訪客都墳別說:「你手中一定要有專案來幹活」( "He always told me, 'Never be without a project,' and he never was," Donald Juran. Said. 即Juran忙到過世,都有事情(project)做而不會覺得人生無聊。)
Juran這輩子最成功的,可能是開創「撰述」持續改善的機制,譬如說他主編兼主要作者的 Quality Handbook,各版約11年更新一次,其間由顧問公司的教材和學校用的教科書,都稍有更新,這樣讓他有進步之機會。記得藥養成「一專案接一專案(project by project)的改善習慣」。
同樣的,戴明博士 (1900-93)在40-60年代,平均每10年要出版一本抽樣統計的書。80年代在全球主持著名的四日研討會和擔任顧問等工作之餘,還出版兩本很有份量的著作,作為他留給世間的遺澤。

2013年7月17日 星期三

George E. P. Box;吉伯特與蘇利文( GILBERT & SULLIVAN)



轉危為安

Improving almost anything: ideas and essays‎ - 第 558 頁

George E. P. Box 著 - 2006 - 598 頁
(To be sung to the music of Gilbert & Sullivan's "When the Foeman Bares his
Steel") 1t•s distribution free! Ta-ran-Ta-ra Ta-ran-Ta-ra Due to Mann and ...

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhGtbPnsgn0


Improving almost anything

作者:George E. P. Box
書名網頁
Masterworks in process improvement and quality technology-- by George Box and friends


George Box has a unique ability to explain complex ideas simply and eloquently. This revised edition of his masterworks since 1982 clearly demonstrates the range of his wit and intellect. These fascinating readings represent the cornerstones in the theory and application of process improvement, product design, and process control. Readers will gain valuable insights into the fundamentals and philosophy of scientific method using statistics and how it can drive creativity and discovery.

The book is divided into five key parts:
* Part A, Some Thoughts on Quality Improvement, concerns the democratization of the scientific method and, in such papers as "When Murphy Speaks--Listen," advises managers to view operation of their processes as ongoing opportunities for improvement.
* Part B, Design of Experiments for Process Improvement, illustrates the enormous advantages offered by experimental design in the pursuit of better products and processes.
* Part C, Sequential Investigation and Discovery, shows how sequential assembly of designs allows the experimenter to match the difficulty of the problem with the effort needed to solve it.
* Part D, Control, describes application of feedback control in the Statistical Process Control (SPC) environment. A simple graphical technique using Box-Jenkins charts is set forth to appropriately adjust processes to target.
* Part E, Variance Reduction and Robustness, demonstrates how the existence of more than one source of variation may be used to achieve products robust to the environment in which they must function and emphasizes the importance of error transmission and data transformation in producing robust assemblies.

A Foreword by Dr. J. Stuart Hunter allows readers to gain insight into the workings of a remarkable mind and explains how these ideas can greatly catalyze their efforts in process improvement.

更多詳細資料

Improving almost anything: ideas and essays
作者:George E. P. Box
著作人 George E. P. Box
Edition: 2, revised, illustrated
出版者 Wiley-Interscience, 2006
原始來源:密西根大學
數位化日期:2007年11月20日
ISBN 0471727555, 9780471727552
598 頁


Wikipedia
George E. P. Box
Born 18 October 1919
Gravesend, Kent, England
Residence United Kingdom, United States
Fields Statistician
Institutions ICI, Princeton University,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Alma mater University College London
Doctoral advisor Egon Pearson, H. O. Hartley
Known for time series analysis, experimental design, Bayesian inference
Notable awards Shewhart Medal (1968),
Wilks Memorial Award (1972),
R. A. Fisher Lectureship (1974),
Guy Medal in Gold (1993)
George Edward Pelham Box (18 October 1919 – ) is one of the most influential statisticians of the 20th century and a pioneer in the areas of quality control, time series analysis, design of experiments and Bayesian inference.
He was born in Gravesend, Kent, England and originally trained as a chemist. During World War II, he worked on biochemical experiments on the effect of poison gases on small animals for the British Army. He needed statistical advice to analyze the results of his experiments but could not find a statistician who could give him guidance, so he taught himself statistics from available texts. After the war, he enrolled at University College London and obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics and statistics. He received a Ph.D. from the University of London in 1953.
From 1948 to 1956, Box worked as a statistician for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). While at ICI, he took a leave of absence for a year and served as a visiting professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He later went to Princeton University where he served as Director of the Statistical Research Group.
In 1960, Box moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison to create the Department of Statistics. He was appointed Vilas Research Professor of Statistics (the highest honor accorded to any faculty member at the University of Wisconsin-Madison) in 1980. George Box and Bill Hunter co-founded the Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1984. Box officially retired in 1992, becoming an Emeritus Professor.
Throughout his career, George Box has written numerous research papers and published many books. His most important books include Statistics for Experimenters (1978), Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (1979, with Gwilym Jenkins) and Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis. (1973, with George C. Tiao). Today, his name is associated with important results in statistics such as Box-Jenkins models, Box-Cox transformations, Box-Behnken designs and numerous others.
He served as President of the American Statistical Association in 1978 and of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1979. He received the Shewhart Medal from the American Society for Quality Control in 1968, the Wilks Memorial Award from the American Statistical Association in 1972, the R. A. Fisher Lectureship in 1974, and the Guy Medal in Gold from the Royal Statistical Society in 1993. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979.
The often quoted phrase, "Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful", is attributed to George Box.[1]
Box married Joan Fisher, second of Ronald Fisher's five daughters. In 1978, Joan Fisher Box published a very well-received biography of her father.[2] He supervized Lars Pallesen, who was appointed rector (president) of the Technical University of Denmark in 2007.[3]

References

  1. ^ Box, George E. P.; Norman R. Draper (1987). Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces, p. 424, Wiley. ISBN 0471810339. (more details at wikiquote)
  2. ^ Joan Fisher Box (1978) R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist Preface
  3. ^ "Rektor fylder 60 år den 20. september" (in Danish). 2007. http://www.dgo.dk/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070920/NAVNE/709250017.

External links

For Box's PhD students see








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Technical reports

1. Studies in Quality Improvement: Dispersion Effects from Fractional Designs
by George Box and R. Daniel Meyer. (February 1986).
The expense of repeating measurements can sometimes be avoided by using unreplicated fractional factorials to identify factors that affect dispersion Publication(s): Technometrics, 1986, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 19-27
2. An Analysis for Unreplicated Fractional Factorials
by George Box and R. Daniel Meyer. (February 1986).
New procedures for analyzing unreplicated fractional factorial designs make them easier to use. Publication(s): Technometrics, 1986, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 11-18.
3. Analysis of Unreplicated Factorials Allowing for Possibly Faulty Observations
by George Box and R. Daniel Meyer. (February 1986).
Inaccurate data points are particularly troublesome in the analysis of unreplicated factorial experiments, but new techniques allow investigators to overcome this difficulty. Publication(s): Design, Data, and Analysis, Colin Mallows (ed.), Wiley, (1987), pp. 1-12.4.
4. Managing Our Way to Economic Success: Two Untapped Resources
by William G. Hunter. (February 1986).
American organizations could compete much better at home and abroad if they would learn to tap the potential information inherent in all processes and the creativity inherent in all employees.
5. My First Trip to Japan
by Peter R. Scholtes. (February 1986).
American visitors to Japan can learn much about what it takes to successfully implement quality improvement.
6. Total Quality Leadership vs. Management
by Control by Brian L. Joiner and Peter R. Scholtes. (February 1988).
To survive in increasingly tough markets, top management in American companies will have to forsake their desire to "control" their employees, and instead learn what it means to provide Total Quality Leadership.
7. Studies in Quality Improvement: Designing Environmental Regulations
by Soren Bisgaard and William G. Hunter. (February 1986).
There is a surprising similarity between what SPC provides for industries and the need for constructing sensitive, reliable standards for environmental regulations. Publication(s): US EPA-230-03-047 publication, Paul I. Feder (ed.), Washington, DC, (1987), pp. 41-53.
8. Studies in Quality Improvement: Minimizing Transmitted Variation
by Parameter Design by George Box and Conrad A. Fung. (February 1986).
By properly designing products and taking the inevitable variation in components into account, engineers can minimize the amount of variation that ultimately shows up in finished products.
9. A Useful Method for Model-Building II: Synthesizing Response Functions from Individual Components
by William G. Hunter and Andrzej P. Jaworski. (February 1986).
Analyzing which components of a response are due to each factor is an alternative way to find the best model for studying the properties of a product or process (and thus for improving both). Publication(s): Technometrics, 1986, Vol. 28, No. 4, November (1986), pp. 321-327.
10. The Next 25 Years in Statistics
by William J. Hill and William G. Hunter (With contributions by Joseph W. Duncan, A. Blanton Godfrey, Brian L. Joiner, Gary C. McDonald, Charles G. Pfeifer, Donald W. Marquardt, and Ronald D. Snee). (February 1986).
A transformation of the American style of management has already begun; in order for it to succeed, statisticians must assume a leadership role. Publication(s): Chance, 1990, No. 1, pp. 38-39.

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『吉伯特與蘇利文』( GILBERT & SULLIVAN)
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A. James 著的『吉伯特與蘇利文』(台北:智庫文化,1996,第 208頁)WHEN THE FOEMAN BEARS HIS STEEL LYRICS

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