BREAKING: Over 7 million Hong Kong residents will be offered free Covid tests, reflecting China's boost to the city's containment efforts.
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這個針對德國人? (我讀完，可全體住民，不只公民)月前漢莎航空公司提供的，我估計跟台灣類似，約7000元/人
德國重視病毒檢測這一套，基本上與"韓國"類似。他的情況比韓國更複雜點。
基本上是"不惜血本來發展病毒檢測能量並將成本分給所有納稅人來負擔。
目前目前德國、日本嚴重性類似，可日本在這方面可能落後。
英國往新快篩病毒檢測方向，全民，老人優先，可能更聰明得多。
台灣從一開始就資源很有限，現在不採取中國武漢"全撿"方式，無法像韓、德般 Test, Test...我認為尚能接受。(紐約時報這篇沒報導TESTs的有效性。台灣目前採用2種並作，似乎可以。
請大家看數據，不用莫名恐慌，真的擔心的話，就好好 #把口罩戴好，#勤洗手引文轉貼自
：
『看台灣常常有人出境就被其他國家驗出武漢肺炎我也會怕啊，但昨天衛福部拿出數據，從台灣出境且接受篩檢的人其實高達4萬，其中被檢驗出陽性的機率只有0.008%。
這機率有多低？全球篩檢武漢肺炎的工具平均準確率大概是96%，那健康的人連續三次被誤篩出陽性的機率就是0.006%。
防疫的準備要有，但那些要拿出境者被驗出陽性大作文章甚至繪聲繪影地說政府隱匿疫情的，看到數據也該適可而止了吧？』
詹長權
《歡迎回到德國：現在開始進行免費病毒檢測》
正當國內在爭論要不要對入境者進行病毒檢測之際，我們不妨來看看德國經驗。
德國在COVID-19大流行以來就擁有高效、負擔得起且可用的病毒檢測能力聞名於世。現在為了阻止可能出現的第二波疫情的衝擊，德國對從“熱區”返回的每一個國民和居民提供免費、快速（1-2天有結果）的核酸檢測。
德國和以公共衛生機構嚴格控制檢測標準，並阻止私人診所、實驗室或公司自行開發檢測標準的國家（台灣是其中之一）不同的是，德國在研發出檢測方法之後便立即把檢測方法的藍圖分享出去。一月份疫情剛開始時，柏林Charité研究醫院為新型冠狀病毒開發了全球首批診斷試劑和檢測方法，他們很快將這個方法提供給德國的公立醫院和研究實驗室，以及200多個私立實驗室，現在這些單位都是德國檢測試劑生產製造的國家隊。
德國衛生部長詹斯·斯潘（Jens Spahn）說：「自大流行開始以來，我們就有一個非常重要的原則 - 在德國接受病毒檢測，錢不該是一個問題」。德國現在一個星期有120萬人的檢測能量，平均大約只用了一半的量，所以還有不少的檢測能量對其國人做免費入境普檢。現在德國機場有檢測站、公路休息站也設有檢測站為入境德國人進行免費採檢，檢測結果做檢疫規範的依據。不接受檢測者且沒有三天內的有效檢測證明的回國者就需要14天的居家檢疫。
台灣入境沒有免費檢測、自己付錢也沒得檢測，唯一14天檢疫的邊境管制防疫，可以撐多久？美國衛生部長Azar這次入境台灣，持三天內檢測陰性的證明加上入境檢測就能免居家隔離的的作法，很接近我長久以來「以入境檢測做為替代唯一14天居家檢疫」的邊境檢疫措施的倡議。
如果這一次Azar等人的新入境模式成功的話，就應推廣成為我國對國人和訪客入境管制的常態作法之ㄧ。果真如此，Azar劃時代、歷史性的台灣之行，說不定還會觸發台灣防疫政策的一些變革？且讓我們拭目以待。
Welcome Back to Germany. Now Take Your Free Virus Test.
The country’s capacity to make testing efficient, affordable and available has distinguished it. Now, to head off a potential second wave, it’s testing anyone returning from a “hot zone” on entry.
Lining up at a test station at the Cologne airport last weekend. Testing became compulsory for some arrivals this week.Credit...Marius Becker/DPA, via Associated Press
By Melissa Eddy
Published Aug. 5, 2020Updated Aug. 6, 2020, 5:59 a.m. ET
BERLIN — When she returned to Germany last week from a vacation in Serbia, one of the first things Snjezana Kirstein did was to stop at a pop-up coronavirus testing center at Berlin’s Tegel Aiport.
Whereas such tests can be hard to find in the United States, with unpredictable costs and results two weeks in coming, Ms. Kirstein was on her way in a matter of minutes after having her nose and throat swabbed. She expected an answer in 24 to 48 hours. The test was not only swift, it was free.
“I think it is super,” Ms. Kirstein said. “It was so easy to find, and best of all, it didn’t cost me a thing.”
As of Saturday, Germany will require that same simple test for all citizens or residents, like Ms. Kirstein, and other travelers who enter the country from coronavirus “hot spots,” again making it a leader in using testing as a firewall against the spread of the virus.
“I am very aware that this is an intrusion in personal freedom,” Jens Spahn, Germany’s health minister, said at a news conference Thursday. “But freedom always comes with responsibility for myself and for others.”
As Europe reopens, cases have begun ticking up nearly everywhere, to a greater or lesser extent, leaving countries in a constant, seesaw battle to tamp down outbreaks before they undo months of hard-won progress made during costly lockdowns this spring.
Germany is no exception. This week it recorded 1,045 new coronavirus infections in a single day, part of a rising trend that has begun to worry officials as people return from trips abroad during the summer vacation season. 確診人數近乎日本
One of the biggest concerns in Germany and across the continent is that travelers will carry the virus with them. Until now, Germany, like other countries, has relied on quarantining newly arriving travelers. But such measures are not always enforced, or strictly followed.
Since the start of the pandemic, Germany has made testing a primary tool in its battle against the virus. Now it is turning to that approach again to head off a potential second wave of infections. Its capacity to make testing efficient, affordable and available has distinguished it among industrialized nations.
台灣類似 Unlike the United States or Britain, both of which allowed their public health agencies to keep tight control over standards for tests and discouraged private clinics, labs or companies from developing their own, Germany disseminated a blueprint for a test as soon as it had one.
In January, doctors at the Charité research hospital in Berlin developed one of the world’s first diagnostic tests for the new coronavirus. They quickly made it available to the country’s public hospitals and research laboratories, as well as a nationwide network of about 200 privately owned labs. Everyone focused on making test kits.
美、德的The World Health Organization later approved the kits and distributed instructions for developing them worldwide. At that time, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were still struggling to develop test kits in the United States.
While nearly 90 percent of Germany’s population of 83 million is covered by public insurance, people can also opt for private insurance that either competes with the public system, or provides top-up coverage.
By May, the German authorities required all insurance companies to cover the cost of testing. Initially it was limited to those with symptoms, but today it is available to just about everyone, with the government agreeing to help cover the costs.
“We have had a very important principle since the beginning of the pandemic — that testing in Germany is not a question of money,” Mr. Spahn said. “That is a big difference to many other countries that have failed to test enough over many months.”
Early on, the government also ordered hospitals and labs to reduce all but necessary treatments to free resources to process coronavirus tests, earmarking millions to support the effort and ensuring speedy results.
These measures allowed Germany to ramp up testing at a pace that prevented the country’s hospitals — well equipped in any case, with one of the world’s highest ratios of intensive care beds per capita and a centralized system to transfer patients between them — from becoming overwhelmed.
By March, Germany was one of the highest testers per capita in the world. Other countries have since overtaken it, in part because Germany has been so effective in targeting tests and following up on positive results to isolate those infected and shut down chains of infection before they get out of control.
So while Germany can carry out as many as 1.2 million tests per week, according the health ministry, it is only currently testing half that many people. That gives it the bandwidth to easily expand testing to incoming travelers, while still maintaining readiness should a big second wave arrive.
The United States has a capacity of 4.5 million tests per week, according to the Rockefeller Foundation, but its population is also roughly four times the size of Germany's, and results can take five to 14 days.
The United States also lacks comprehensive contract-tracing, another factor that has left it struggling to contain the spread of the virus. Germany has had fewer than 10,000 deaths attributed to the virus, the United States more than 150,000.
Those awaiting test results in Germany are required to self-quarantine, and are released from the obligation immediately if the result is negative. They must also leave contact information in case they have a positive result and need to be traced.
Image
The beach in Calella, Spain, one of the countries that Germany has designated a hot spot and will require tests for travelers. Credit...Albert Gea/ReutersThe speed of the results, then, is critical to the containment effort. People are more likely to abide isolation for two days than for two weeks, and even if they don’t they still have less time to wander around and potentially expose others. Germany’s shorter turnaround also reduces the time that healthy people are taken out of productive roles in society.
Those who refuse a test must remain in quarantine for two weeks, unless they can provide a negative test less than 72 hours old. Under current E.U. travel restrictions, foreigners from outside the bloc are allowed to enter the country only if they have the right to live and work in Germany, with few exceptions.
Germany’s wide availability of testing has not made everyone happy, however, and not all agree on the benefits.
Some experts warn that it could overwhelm laboratories and threaten the country’s readiness to deal with a resurgence of the virus when colder temperatures push people back indoors.
“It is questionable whether the general testing of travel returnees offers an appropriate balance between benefit and expense,” said Dr. Michael Müller, head of the Association of Medical Labs, which represents more than 200 labs across the country.
Others have questioned whether it is fair to saddle taxpayers with the burden of paying for the tests for those who willingly risk traveling outside Europe, despite warnings by government health authorities.
The requirement for travelers includes those coming from 130 countries and regions, including the United States and three districts in Spain, which the German authorities consider high-risk for spread of the virus.
But Mr. Spahn rejected the idea that only the wealthy were traveling, citing people with families in Turkey or elsewhere in Europe whom they visited.
“I know the saying, ‘Whoever can afford a ski trip can pay for their broken leg,’ but when you think that idea through, then especially in a pandemic, it compromises solidarity in society,” Mr. Spahn said. “So testing will remain cost-free.”
While Germans are normally quick to decry any encroachment on their personal privacy, the threat of the virus returning appears to frighten them more, and there has been little pushback to the proposed requirement for travelers.
On the second day after a testing station was set up at Tegel Airport, dozens of people pushing luggage trolleys stacked with suitcases or young children in strollers waited patiently for their turn to submit a voluntary test.
“It is an unbelievable hassle to set it up and organize it, but if it gives passengers back a sense of security when traveling, then it is worth it,” said Hannes Stefan Hönemann, spokesman for the airport’s operator.
The requirement for travelers include those coming over land as well if they have visited a hot zone. Health authorities in the southern state of Bavaria, the gateway for people returning by car from vacations on the Mediterranean coasts, set up test centers at three highway rest stops near the border, as well as at airports and major train stations.
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A testing station for travelers near Ruhpolding, southern Germany, last week. Health authorities in the southern state of Bavaria set up test centers at three highway rest stops near the border.Credit...Christof Stache/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesOver the weekend, before the requirement went into effect this week, about 18,000 people were tested voluntarily, they said.
Bavaria made free testing available to all residents on July 1. The government invested 200 million euros, about $235 million, to expand laboratory capacity, both public and private, as well as personnel and working hours. Today it has the capacity for about 27,000 tests a day, state health minister, Melanie Huml, said.
“Test, test, test is the name of the game in Bavaria,” she said. “Our goal is to recognize infections as quickly as possible to stop chains of infection as early as early as possible.”
She estimates they can test as many as 2,000 travelers each day, the same capacity as expected in Berlin’s airports. Those who test positive will be alerted immediately, as will the public local health office, so it can follow up on care and contact tracing.
“Corona is not over and does not forgive any lack of vigilance,” Ms. Huml said. “We have to be careful to prevent a second wave from creeping up on us.”
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