「華人戴明學院」是戴明哲學的學習共同體 ,致力於淵博型智識系統的研究、推廣和運用。 The purpose of this blog is to advance the ideas and ideals of W. Edwards Deming.

1970年8月15日 星期六

1940s


1940
2/24 Harold Hotelling 給印度政府備忘錄說明 "統計理論和技術的研究"之本質和重要性
Deming 著的 Out of the Crisis 第16章引為題詞

Hotelling, H. (1940). The teaching of statistics, Ann. Math. Statist., 11, 457-470.



1942(民31年)

WED was engaged by the U.S. Army as a consultant to set up courses in SQC for engineers...

JMA, Japan Management Association 成立

http://www.jma.or.jp/
歷史
http://www.jma.or.jp/about_jma/jma_history.html


Deming developed the sampling techniques that were used for the first time during the 1940 U.S. Census. During World War II, Deming was a member of the five-man Emergency Technical Committee. He worked with H.F. Dodge, A.G. Ashcroft, Leslie E. Simon, R.E. Wareham, and John Gaillard in the compilation of the American War Standards (American Standards Association ZI.1-3 published in 1942) and taught statistical process control (SPC) techniques to workers engaged in wartime production.

1943(民32年)

Statistical Adjustment of Data, John Wiley and Sons, 1943, Dover 1964. by W. Edwards Deming:

Demming (1943) 說:「蒐集數據的目的是為了行動」。

Sample Design in Business Research, John Wiley and Sons, 1960. by W. Edwards Deming:

論文清單

http://www.deming.org/resources/publications.html

1944

Deming
Some Principles of the Shewhart Methods of Quality Control, Mechanical Engineering, vol.66, pp.173-177, March, 1944


194534

JSA, Japan Standards association 成立

92本正式投降Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, and Japan's formal surrender on September 2 ended the war.

1946-48 a "blue funk period".

1946(民35年)

American Society for Quality Control (ASQC)成立,後改名 American Society for Quality (ASQ)。從 1987 ASQ 代處理 the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, 行政。

JUSE 成立

JUSE is the telegraphic code for the Union of Japanese Science and Engineering, Tokyo.

JUSE was established in May 1946 and authorized as the foundation of a juridical body by the Science and Technology Agency (reformed Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) of Japanese Government.
    PURPOSE
    The objective of JUSE is to promote systematic studies needed for the advancement of science and technology, whereupon to contribute to the development of culture and industry.
ACTIVITIES
The field of science and technology that JUSE has been involved in since its establishment belongs to the Soft Technology where the mathematical and statistical methods can be applied to the corporate management. Especially, the quality control has been the primary subject of JUSE and great efforts have been bent to the development and dissemination of the technology. Today, JUSE is widely known in and out the country as a "Center of Quality Control in Japan". JUSE has managed the Deming Prize, which has been well known in the field of the Total Quality Management. Moreover, we are a member of the sponsor group of the Campaign "Quality Month" in November in Japan. During recent years, more than 20,000 people including 500 of senior managers from enterprises have been taking part in our Education and Training Courses in the fields below every year that is one of our main activities.
  1. Quality Management, QC Circle
  2. Reliability Engineering
  3. Multivariate Analysis, Design of Experiment
  4. Marketing Analysis, Sensory Evaluation, Products Liability
  5. ISO Management System(QMS, EMS), OHSMS, ISMS and others.


Homer M. Sarason 到日本聯軍統率總部的民用通信部CCS-SCAPCivil Communication Section- Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 任職至1950,開過 CCS管理研討會。事蹟參考:Louis E. Schultz Profiles in Quality: Learning from the Masters『品質群像: 向品管大師學習』劉秋枝譯,寂天文化事業有限公司,1999


Eugene L. Grant, Professor of Economics of Engineering at Stanford, was a
profound scholar, an inspiring teacher, a mentor who influenced the careers of
many both in academia and industry, an excellent writer, a distinguished
engineer, and a pioneer in engineering education. He is well known worldwide
for his textbooks Principles of Engineering Economy, first published in 1930 and
now in its eighth edition (1990, co-authored with W. G. Ireson and Richard
Leavenworth) and Statistical Quality Control, first published in 1946 and now in
its seventh edition (1996, co-authored with Richard Leavenworth).

WED在一九七三1973年對第四版有書評
WED
Consultant in research and in industry 1946-93

Professor of Statistics, Graduate School of Business Administration, New York University 1946-93

Statistician, Allied Mission to Observe the Greek Elections, January-April 1946; July-October 1946 Consultant


* Morris H. Hansen and William N. Hurwitz, "The problem of nonresponse in sample-surveys," J. Amer. Statist. Ass., vol. 41, 1946: pp. 517-529



on Page 241:
"... t I learned the use of this X-pattern at the Alfred Politz Research, Inc., New York, about 1946. An example of a map and list of portions, with selection of I portion, ..."

1947(民36年)

Henry Ford過世(1863−1947)

統計品管專家W.愛德華.戴明由美國政府(為S. A. Rice領島隊的統計任務團成員)派來日本,任務是協助日本作1951年人口/經濟調查。Deming自言與農業部、住屋建設、就業部連絡,也認識許多統計學家和經濟學家。

Delegate from the A.A.A.S. to the Indian Science Congress, New Delhi, January 1947
Adviser in sampling techniques to the Supreme Command of the Allied Powers, Tokyo, 1947 and 1950

Member of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Statistical Sampling, 1947-52

HC emailed to Prof. Kerridge, 2006
Dear David,
I found out that "probability-sample and judgement samples" were coined by WED. In a note in his Some Theory of Sampling reads as follows,
These terms and definitions were first put forward by the author in an article "Some criteria for judging the quality of survey," J. of Marketing, vol. xii, 1947....(p.9)
----Answer from David
Dear Hanching and Jean-Marie

>I found out that "probability-sample and judgement samples" were coined
by WED.

Thanks for that reference. Judgement samples had been used before - as
WED points out in "probability as a guide for action" all drug-testing
is done on judgement samples. But from the reference you give it shows
that Deming was the first to make the distinction clear.

In a way, this is related to Shewhart's distinction between pure and
applied science. In the early days of statistical theory, applied
science was regarded as inferior. R A Fisher, for example, treated pure
science as the only real science, which is absurd when you consider his
contributions to Agriculture. But this was the academic snobbery of the
time - which is still powerful.

In pure science all samples are judgement samples, because you can
never enumerate the problems that will be met in the future. R A Fisher
was aware of this, and always spoke of sampling from a "Hypothetical
infinite population". This is clearly not dealing with an actual, known
population, as in all enumerative studies.


Best wishes

David


Professor W. Edwards Deming Professor of Statistics New York University 1947- 1993


.Morris Hansen, "The sampling of human populations," Proceedings of the International Statistical Institute, Washington, 1947.


FORMOSA KILLINGS 1947

http://blog.roodo.com/polypomo/archives/2785329.html
FORMOSA KILLINGS ARE PUT AT 10,000; Foreigners Say the Chinese Slaughtered Demonstrators Without Provocation

By TILLMAN DURDINSpecial to THE NEW YORK TIMES.

March 29, 1947, Saturday

Page 6, 554 words

NANKING, March 28 -- Foreigners who have just returned to China from Formosa corroborate reports of wholesale slaughter by Chinese troops and police during anti-Government demonstrations a month ago. [ END OF FIRST PARAGRAPH ]


---
The history of modern photography is usually traced back to the first
chemical picture ever taken back in 1827. Fast forward more than a hundred
years and the Polaroid Corporation unveiled the landmark instant film
camera, commercially released in 1947.

The DW-WORLD Article
http://newsletter.dw-world.de/re?l=ew2p4rI44va89pI4

1948

Hotelling, H., Bartky, W. Deming, W.E.,Friedman, M., Hoel, P.(1948). The Teaching of

Statistics, A Report of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics Committee on the

Teaching of Statistics, Ann. Math. Stat. 19, 95-115

1949(民38年)

1949年是個劃時代的歲月,中國、台灣、全世界發生了驚天動地的變化。
The Western powers pledge cooperation as Moscow breaks the U.S. nuclear monopoly and communists take over China.

1949年春天,科技連盟(JUSE)的「品管研究小組(QCRG)」已開始結合產、官、學各路人士,共同合作研究如何利用統計方法來做品質管制。

Hotelling, H. (1949). The place of statistics in the university, Proc. of the Berkeley

Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probbability, 21-49, University of California

Press.

#63 Observations on the 1946 elections in Greece
by Deming, Jessen, Kempthorne, Daly, Amer. Sociological Rev., vol.14, 1949: pp.11-16

1949年博士協助日本人口普查局準備 設計 1950年 10月的調查東京和大阪之人口

Return to book

31. on Page 267:
"... my privilege to be there during the preceding summer, and to assist in the design of a sample-tabulation of the complete census. The aim was to provide advance tabulations of a number of important characteristics of the people, not for small areas, ..."

1. on Page 267:
"... know that they are working on a sample at all. • 1 wish to record my indebtedness to Professor Kinichiro Saito of St. Sophia University, Tokyo, and to Professor Akira Asai of Chiba University for the privilege of working with them ..."
2. on Page 424:
"... P 2C * Kinichiro Saito, "Maximum likelihood estimate of proportion using supplementary information," Bull. Math. Statist., vol. 7, 1956: pp. 11-17 (Research Association of Statistical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan)"






« 摘要


「1940」的搜尋結果

「1942」的搜尋結果


「1943」的搜尋結果

第 216 頁
7 (July 1952): 84-89; JS Pairo, "Using ratio-delay studies to set allowance," Factory 106, no. 10 (October 1943): 94. ...
第 447 頁
... Alexander M. Mood, "On the dependence of sampling inspection plans upon population distributions," Annals of Mathematical Statistics 14 (1943): 415-425. ...
第 463 頁
... 1943 ...
第 464 頁
plans upon population distributions," Annals of Mathematical Statistics 14 (1943): 415^25. Joyce Orsini, "Simple rule to reduc

「1944」的搜尋結果

「1945」的搜尋結果


「1946」的搜尋結果

「1947」的搜尋結果



第 487 頁
... had acquired appreciation for the contribution to quality and productivity that the Shewhart methods might make to Japanese industry. The time was 1948 ...

「1949」的搜尋結果


1930s

1932 Deming married Elizabeth Shupe. The couple had two more children, Diana and Linda


THE TWILIGHT YEARS: The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars


1931(民20年)

Shewhart , Walter A., The Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product , Princeton , N. J.D. Van Nostrand Company , 1931. Reprinted by American Society for Quality Control , 1980.(當時台灣有翻印) 。此書有法文本(Jean-Marie Gaogue翻譯)和日文本。

「1931」的搜尋結果

1934

On the Statistical Theory of Errors - all 4 versions »
WE Deming, RT Birge - Reviews of Modern Physics, 1934 - APS
Erratum: W. Edwards Deming and Raymond T. Birge, On the Statistical Theory of Errors Errata, Rev. Mod. Phys. 6, 281 (1934). ... (Some reference links may require a separate subscription.) ... Raymond T. Birge, Phys. Rev. 40, ...


楊逵於一九三四年十月發表短篇小說〈送報伕〉於東京《文學評論》(1932年在台灣發表前半)。它描寫弱勢者受資方壓榨的經歷,在不景氣的時代,為了謀得送報的差事,應徵者必須先繳交保證金,招募不到規定的訂戶數,不但領不到薪資,辛苦籌來的保證金亦會被全數沒收。多虧勞動者的自我覺醒,進行抗爭為自身權益奮戰,最後雇主也因被送報伕揭發壓榨勞工而被扭送警局。這是那個時代的共同主題,喚醒被欺凌與被侮辱的人要團結起來對抗強權。〈送報伕〉具有為弱勢執言的精神,"為什麼沒有在台灣掀起閱讀風潮,難道是國民性的不同,抑或台灣人不習慣從文學作品中尋找精神的出路,而是直接投身滾滾洪流般的社會運動來快速有效?"



1935(民24年)

1935-1953 Head, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Graduate School, Agriculture Department

Deming invited Shewhart, as well as Fisher, Wishart, Cochran, and others, to lecture at USDA.

「1935」的搜尋結果


1936(民25年)

他休假到倫敦去進修,當然知道這老師是世界一流人才:

1936 Studied under Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher and Jerzy Neyman at University College, London, England


There's no reason that an exhibition whose sole organizing principle is to present photographs taken in a single year should be meaningful, let alone interesting. If anything, the opposite is true: the overall quality of work produced in a given year is apt to be average.

On the other hand, no period is without some good work; judicious selection could make any year look good. And such a selection might suggest other understandings about the period in question.

No doubt that was the thinking behind "1936," at the James Danziger Gallery, and "Circa 1956," a companion show at the 292 Gallery, both in SoHo. Both focus on works made in a given year, although only "1936" adheres closely to that restriction; the show at 292 includes works from throughout the 1950's.


1937(民26年)


「1937」的搜尋結果


In 1937, Dr. Juran created the "Pareto principle," which millions of managers rely on to help separate the "vital few" from the "useful many" in their activities. This is commonly referred to as the 80-20 principle. Its universal application makes it one of the most useful concepts and tools of modern-day management. This is now referred to as Juran's Pareto Principle.

1938(民27年)

Least Squares, The Graduate School, Department of Agriculture, Washington 1938. by W. Edwards Deming: 此法稱為Deming最小平方法, 例:木梨非線形関数に対する最小二法(デミングの最小二法)について ... 創的で画期的方法

Deming 更是這本演講集的編輯/改寫者:Lectures and Conferences on Mathematical Statistics, Graduate School, U.S. Department of Agriculture ,1938 這本書印700本,很快就賣光了。Deming等人的文風都是追求清楚明白….傳記 Neyman-from life by C Reid - 1982 - Springer-Verlag New York--中文翻譯 奈曼:來自生活的統計學家 / 康斯坦絲.瑞德(Constance Reid)著 ; 姚慕生,陳克艱,王順義譯, 上海市 : 上海科學技術 , 2001[民90],

Shewhart USDA Lectures

10/26 nylon: chemical company DuPont announced the name of its new synthetic fiber (1938)

1939(民28年)

Shewhart , Walter A. Statistical Methods from the Viewpoint of Quality Control , Washington , D. C.Department of Agriculture , 1939. W. E. Deming(主編)

Seven years at the Bureau of the Census began in 1939


「1939」的搜尋結果

《華爾街日報》:市場營銷在低迷時期發揮了什麼作用?

科恩:在上世紀30年代初的大蕭條時期﹐寶潔公司 (Procter & Gamble Co.)說過﹐我們將竭盡全力營銷我們的產品﹐我們要在收音機上營銷──這類似於那個時代的互聯網──我們還將讚助這些小戲劇──這這就是它們最終被稱為 肥皂劇的原因。因此﹐(衰退時的一個教訓)就是市場﹐市場。不要削減營銷。

《華爾街日報》:你還研究過哪些不同尋常的衰退時期的策略?

科恩:我想國際商業機器公司(IBM)的沃特森(Tom Watson Sr.)在大蕭條時候的做法有些近乎瘋狂。

1932 年﹐他宣佈IBM將投資100萬美元在紐約州單獨建立一個打孔制表機研發實驗室。當時這個領域的所有其它企業都在削減研發支出。沃特森實際上是在僱用更多 的人、建造更多的機器﹐並且還告訴工廠﹐即使他不能賣掉機器﹐他那就繼續增加庫存。這給公司帶來了巨大的壓力。它們沒有賣出所有機器。

到了1935年﹐羅斯福總統簽署了社會保障法﹐公司和政府兩方面的數據處理因此也帶來了巨大的市場。這個有趣的例子顯示了一個人是如何相信他製造的產品擁有市場﹐和堅信市場遲早會重新復甦的。


1920s

1921 Deming earned a BA degree in engineering from University of Wyoming


「1921」的搜尋結果

1922 Deming married Agnes Bell. She passed away in 1930 after the couple adopted daughter Dorothy

1925 Deming earned master’s degrees in mathematics and physics from University of Colorado


1927

In 1927, Deming was introduced to Walter A. Shewhart of the Bell Telephone Laboratories by Dr. C.H. Kunsman of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

1928 Deming achieved a doctorate degree in physics from Yale. Eventually, Deming would be honored with honorary doctorate degrees from 15 universities


1917-22

G. S. Radford20世紀最早撰「品質控制」的書(The Control of Quality of Manufacturing, New York: Ronald Press Company, 1922)和1917年文章的The Control of Quality, Engineering Management, October p.4.29)。當時的「品質控制」已是有「革除事後補救,改為偵測、預防」的觀念(p.4.2),不過後來意義更窄這些文獻最早出現在Managing Quality by David A. Garvin, New York: the Free Press, 1988, p.250 之後再由朱蘭(J. M. Juran1999)的《品質手冊(Juran Quality Handbook)》 )Quality Control Process中列舉,不過未注明轉引。後文改為The Control of Quality, Industrial Management, Vol. 54, p.100 Juran, p.4.29

1920
大三-大四
由自己製作的30塊均整水泥塊( 3組 各10塊)的crushing strength (抗压强度;耐压强度;压碎强度) 了解變異和變異的測度(probable error*)--Deming 著的The New Economics 第10 章--到1980年代中 小學五年級學生P. Nolan就可以學習了解變異之知識 他更引 Harold Hotelling的說法 要多少懂得變異之知識 才算受過通識教育

* n. (Abbr. PE) The amount by which the arithmetic mean of a sample is expected to vary because of chance alone.




第10 章的 motto(章前題句/金言/格言) 選用次經後典 Sirach ('rək) or Ecclesiasticus (ēklē'zēăs'tĭkəs) [Lat. from Gr.,=ecclesiastical],





1925

1925年,戴明以物理學博士生身份到芝加哥西方電氣公司(Western Electric)的霍桑(Hawthorne)廠實習。「….那兒的人們已經對貝爾實驗中心(Bell Telephone Laboratories,位於紐約463西街--貝爾實驗中心是AT&T 公司的智庫、綜合研究所。)的Shewhart博士的工作有所談論。他們說他們不懂得Shewhart博士的確實工作,不過他是了不起的,在為他們解決種種問題。

西方電氣的宗旨是產品一致性要很高(uniformity),即,大量生產的電話機都要像日常吃的豆子般一模一樣,使得各電話公司買主們能安心。他們當時的廣告詞為『如同兩具電話機那麼相似。』

他們誠心要把事情做好,求好心切、盡全力求產品一致性,可是天不從人願,結果幾乎是越努力越糟糕。他們夠聰明,知道必須請求協助。【戴明博士以後以他著名的所謂漏斗規則來談一般人干擾穩定製程結果一致性上適得其反;他終生相信系統中的人需要外來的智慧的協助才行。】

這問題落到Shewhart博士的身上。他發現西方電氣員工們的做法,是打把任何不想要的變異,都歸因為某一特別的原因。其實很多(如果不是大多數)情況下,他們所觀察到的,是由諸共同原因所造成的變異。如果能從製程上加以改善就會更有效。他們的做法是在干預一個穩定的系統,結果更糟。【戴明以為這是】Shewhart博士給予世界在科學上與管理學上有一嶄新的視野、觀點。」

戴明生動地講出當時女工陣容下班時的排山倒海式威力--當時該廠容量48000人,雇用46000人,其中四分之一為檢驗員。當時,該廠為全美第一大廠,也有錢和眼光與哈佛大學商!學院合作有明的組織社會、效率之管理實驗。這些數目大體是對的,不過那年頭生產量的變異極大,工廠常解雇萬人,造成某種動蕩,不過該廠待遇頗佳。

更值得注意的是西方電氣的「大規模檢驗方式」(25%人力),這種生產方式到80年代並未改善,所以戴明將其列入他著名的經營與領導的14要點。),【戴明再講一很重要的尊重理論知識的經歷,這影響他一輩子……


「1925」的搜尋結果

1927

戴明:「我有幸在1927年認識Shewhart 博士,此後並且多次與他在紐約的貝爾實驗中心會面。我也曾在他位於Moutain Lake的家中度過許多愉快的夜晚,那兒從Hoboken搭乘Lackawanna火車大約要花一鐘頭。」

1928

戴明的好友Myron Tribus在網站上和我們分享:ShewhartBell Labs的同事 Fry,他在1928年出版的《概率與其工程上的應用》("Probability and Its Engineering Uses" by Thornton C. Fry)是本好書,戴明與Shewhart多受益--Shewhart的書中推薦它,戴明同意。


JSTOR: Probability and Its Engineering Uses

Probability and its Engineering Uses, By THORNTON C. FRY. Pp. xiv+476. 30s. 1928 . (Macmillan.) It is sometimes alleged that the study of mathematics is ...

張忠謀說,美國在1929年股市崩盤,1930年開始經濟大蕭條,當時的總統羅斯福是要救經濟,但他改變治理,雖然經濟沒有馬上救起來,但改變治理的結果讓美國有一個黃金時期。

1929

美國股市崩盤,1954才恢復。大蕭條開始。Kodak彩視….

「1929」的搜尋結果

1900s


W. Edwards Deming
William Edwards Deming was born in Sioux City, Iowa on 14 October 1900 to William Albert Deming and Pluma Irene Edwards.

As an adult, he used the name W. Edwards Deming.

His brother, Robert Edwards was born on 11 May 1902; his sister, Elizabeth Marie, later Elizabeth Deming Hood was born on 21 January 1909.

The family lived at 121 Bluff Street in Sioux City. In 1904, they moved to the Edwards farm located in Polk City, between Ames and Des Moines. The farm was owned by Pluma’s father, Henry Coffin Edwards (Pluma’s mother, Elizabeth Grant, died when Pluma was young).

In an effort to encourage settlement in the West, the United States government granted parcels of land (usually 40 or 80 acres) to citizens who agreed to settle, farm or develop the land.

William Albert Deming filed on 40 acres in Camp Coulter, later named Powell, Wyoming. The family moved to Wyoming in 1907. They rented a house in Cody until they could build on their own land. William Albert learned that his parcel was poor, useless for farming.

Their first dwelling was a shelter, rectangular in shape (like a railroad box car), covered with tar paper, often referred to as a tar paper shack. Water was pumped from a well. There was little protection from the harsh weather. The family was often cold, hungry and in debt.

Eighty years later, on a visit to Powell, Dr. Deming learned that the 40 acres was still referred to as the Deming Addition.

Pluma Irene and William Albert Deming were well-educated and emphasized the importance of education to their children. Pluma had studied in San Francisco and was a musician. William Albert had studied mathematics and law. Young Ed Deming attended school in Powell and held odd jobs to help support the family.




Timeline:

1906 As a six-year-old, Deming moved with his family to a Cody boarding house

1908 The Deming family moved to a 40-acre homestead near Powell

uesday, 06 January 2009

The new year promises to be a significant one for Powell as the community celebrates its centennial.


Over the past year, the Powell Centennial Committee began prepping for the milestone with a lecture series and other events. This year, much more is planned — gatherings, lectures, a beard contest in honor of the town’s namesake, John Wesley Powell, and a calendar featuring 365 interesting tidbits of Powell history.

Each issue of the Powell Tribune in 2009 will carry one of those notable facts on the front page.

Powell’s Centennial is a chance for its residents — present and former — to reflect on the people and events that have shaped Powell since its inception.

Those events include the oil discovery in Elk Basin, the completion of the Buffalo Bill Dam, the establishment of local schools and the development of homesteads and businesses.

People shaping Powell’s history include the internationally acclaimed W. Edwards Deming, a 1917 Powell High School graduate who helped raise Japan to a world economic power, and the infamous bank robber Earl Durand.

As Powell celebrates its centennial during the next 12 months, residents will have opportunities to learn about its history, appreciate the community for what it has become and establish a foundation for its next 100 years.





1918流感倖存者燃禽流感治療希望
康韋
BBC記者

1918年流感大爆發時期的英國醫生、軍官和記者
1918年的流感大爆發估計造成了5000萬人死亡

美國的研究指出,死亡慘重的1918年流感大爆發的倖存者仍然享有對該病毒的免疫能力。

美國科學家們發現,從大爆發當中活了過來的人們仍然可以製造殺死H1N1流感的抗體。

這項在《自然》學報發表的研究成果或可幫助開發用於未來大爆發時的緊急治療藥物。

1918年的西班牙流感疫情估計造成了5000萬人死亡。

一些專家說那是歷史上破壞最嚴重的流行病疫情,連健康的成年人也受到波及。

科學家還沒有完全明白為什麼殺傷力會這麼大,但是他們擔憂禽流感會帶來新的爆發,而且會是同樣的具殺傷力。不過,科學家們現在找到了應對這種爆發的新途徑。

他們對32名在1918年流感中活了過來的人,發現全部人的血液裡面仍有破壞病毒的抗體。部分自願者──年齡介乎91到101歲──甚至有著製造這些抗體的細胞。

研究人員們利用這些抗體來治療受到感染的白老鼠,據他們說,結果顯示90年後的今天,這些流感倖存者仍然受到保護。這些抗體的效力還十分強勁,只需要很少的劑量就足以殺死病毒。范德堡大學的克羅博士參與了研究的領導工作。他說可以開發類似的抗體,用以破壞新品種的禽流感病毒。



「1900」的搜尋結果

「1902」的搜尋結果

「1905」的搜尋結果

1953,1954,1955, 1956, 19571958

「1953」的搜尋結果

「1954」的搜尋結果




1955年(民國44年)

1955 The American Society for Quality Control recognized Deming with the Shewhart Medal.

Teacher and consultant to Japanese industry, through the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers 1950, 1951, 1952, 1955, 1960, 1965 ......

「1955」的搜尋結果


Peter Drucker, regarded by many as the father of contemporary business philosophies, wrote in "The Practice of Management," published in 1955, ...


1956

「1956」的搜尋結果



1950 年初,我國經濟逐步成長,各種產業正處於萌芽階段,為協助產業提高生產力,財團法人中國生產力中心遂於 1955 年 11 月 11 日 創立,英文名稱為 China Productivity Center ,簡稱 CPC ,是我國成立最早、最大的經營管理顧問機構。 財團法人中國生產力中心成立 由美國經濟援助的「中國生產力中心」成立。施政楷是中心首任的也是唯一的「工業工程顧問師」。這是「工業工程」的開始。直接譯自美國的Industrial Engineering



曾約農先生(1893-1986,享壽九十五歲)。 東海校長 縷陳其大學的構想。他認為大學主要的目的,在於保存與培養文化,因此課程之選訂,務使能建立一種包括古風之文化 環境,再進一步地溝通東西、古今文化。其次,基督教育與其他性質之訓練皆有賴知識與經驗,因此教職員生必須維持高度標準,校內團體生活應受基督教條管制, 以及學校當局應與政府合作。最後,並提出關於行政方面的諸項指導原則。凡此,均獲董事會的支持與嘉許。勞作教育和通才教育兩項制度,最能表現的建校理 想與曾校長的貢獻。


曾校長與勞作教育制度 在 勞作制度方面,曾校長以身作則,與學生共同參與,並撰文表明勞作與傳統儒家精神間的關係,奠下勞作制度的哲學基礎。通才教育,更為中國教育制度革新之一種 試探,曾校長對此教育方式之哲學觀念,明顯地表達在「宏通教育淺釋」一文中。他認為「課程之問題小,哲學之問題大,心理之問題尤大。」宏通教育,若論方法 則重理性主義 (rationalism) ,若論宗旨則重人文主義 (humanism)。因而強調「宏則無所不包,通則無所不達」的「求真之學」--「大學教育,當以求真為前提。既窺其全,復扼其要。得全則宏,扼要則 通。既宏且通,教育以成。」


1957

「1957」的搜尋結果


1958

In 1958, when the Japanese research expedition to Antarctica was forced to leave behind 15 Sakhalin Huskies in Syowa Station, the entire nation was grief-stricken over the news.

Members of the first expedition had no choice but to chain the dogs at the station and leave them behind to fend for themselves. Some readers must know from the 1983 movie "Nankyoku Monogatari" (Antarctica) or other sources that the members had exhausted every possible means to save the dogs and the decision was inevitable.

摘要

「1958」的搜尋結果

1970年8月12日 星期三

1960 Sample Design in Business Research


1960
60 歲出版 統計學最後的專著 Sample Design in Business Research
這本書十六年之後台大商學系才買 每年約一人借閱

Return to book

1-10 of 20 pages with references to quality:

Return to book

1. on Page 12:
"... He will of course be concerned about the quality of the questionnaire and of the field-work, and he will help in any way within his power to achieve quality. ..."
2. on Page 20:
"... plant subjected to the sampling procedure, and contained on the lists that he furnished to me, as a figure whose quality he now knows, through evaluation of both (a) the margin of sampling variation, and (b) any uncertainty that could arise ..."
3. on Page 26:
"... However, economy by itself, without improved quality of information, is a poor argument for sampling. No self- respecting executive or scientist is interested in trading savings for ..."
4. on Page 27:
"... The quality of the interviewing, supervision, coding, and other work in a sample-survey CAN be superior to the quality in a complete ..."
5. on Page 29:
"... precision of the sample is then improved by the small number of units in the frame (p. 387). 6. The quality of a statistical sample is built in. It is not luck. 7. A sample is NOT a last resort, to ..."
6. on Page 31:
"... sample, because the two types of sample are used for different purposes. Cost has no meaning without a measure of quality, ..."
7. on Page 136:
"... 136 PART If. REPLICATED SAMPLING DESIGNS We now appreciate our consulting statistician's advice to be sure of the quality of each step before we accept it, and even before we verify it, and to carry out one step at ..."
8. on Page 137:
"... whole volume as a unit. The proper month will show on the transcription sheet (Step 17). 3. Now test the quality of the preceding step. ..."
9. on Page 140:
"... 12. Measures have been built into the earlier steps to ensure the necessary quality, and to provide objective measures of the quality, whatever it be. It is nevertheless inevitable that a few mishaps will ..."
10. on Page 150:
"... Wernicke, Comptroller, and to Harold Gulde, of the Quality Control Department, of the Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company for the privilege of working on this problem and for permission to use ..."

11. on Page 158:
"... A corps of 20 people regularly engaged in statistical quality control reexamined a total of 440 lots, drawn by random numbers from the main sample of the inventory, both classes. ..."
12. on Page 160:
"... Similarly for P1 and P2. The standard deviation of the errors in the 440 observations in the quality- audit is thus about $17.39. I shall assume that errors of the kind dealt with here can fall in either ..."
13. on Page 163:
"... in the complete inventory, but this experience was the usual one in which sampling procedures carefully conducted require and achieve quality of performance not previously achieved. ..."
14. on Page 164:
"... Now, with sampling, the quality of the job is known. Exercise. An inspector engaged in the audit of the sampling ..."
15. on Page 187:
"... urban blocks, and that the maps of the rural areas that we may wish to sample may be of varying quality and difficult to find. 5. ..."
16. on Page 215:
"... Sometimes one can not meet any of the above desired qualities of a combination, and must form some other kind of combination, merely meeting the requirement for the minimum number of ..."
17. on Page 245:
"... not common to all the interviewers, but specific to him. He may require retraining; or, if his point indicates extra-high quality (like EM's no refusals in Fig. ..."
18. on Page 261:
"... One circumstance is a quality characteristic in a manufacturing plant where use of the Shewhart charts has brought the process into an excellent "state of ..."
19. on Page 270:
"... The final estimate of the standard error of a result, made from the sample itself, together with tests of the quality of performance (the audit or control, Chapter 5), provide the stamp of quality, good or bad. ..."
20. on Page 471:
"... Tippett, The Methods of Statistics (Williams and Norgate, 1931): p. 177; and by Walter A. Shewhart, The Economic Control of Quality of Man factrrred Product (Van Nostrand, 1931): p. 389. ..."
1. from Front Matter:
"... problems here and there disguised to form exercises and examples. W. EDWARDS DEMING Washington July 1960 ..."


__ #107: Uncertainties in statistical data and their relation to the design and management of statistical surveys and experiments, Proceedings of the International Statistical Institute, Tokyo, June 1960

___ #108: Some stratified sampling plans in replicated designs, Estadistica, 1960

___ #109: Design of a replicated sample to measure the change in value of an inventory, Proceedings of the International Statistical Institute, Tokyo, June 1960



1960年《現代文學》創刊,編輯委員合影。前排左起:陳若曦、歐陽子、劉紹銘、白先勇、張先緒。後排左起:戴天、方蔚華、林耀福、李歐梵、葉維廉、王文興、陳次雲。





日本科技連 (JUSE) 所寫的品質革命中Deming 博士的貢獻 鍾漢清

...the best way out is always through.
---A Servant to Servants by Robert Lee Frost


寫給成立10周年的網路討論 Deming Electronic Network *DEN) 談
Deming vs. Juran
The Words by JUSE by Hanching Chung

昨天提筆抄錄一大段JUSE 在戴明獎十周年專刊解釋他們如何感謝Deming博士的幫忙。
我翻譯過 Deming 和 Juran 博士的重要著作,受益極大。兩位都長壽(Deming 晚年創造力極了不起。)。Business Week慶祝70周年設Innovators 專欄,述兩位前輩事績總帶記者劣根性,挑選出許多 gossips。我一向認為日本的成績最大功臣為日本,不是洋客。
不過日本懂得飲水思源,感恩。

我一個人在品質學會的一間會議室。CSQ很忙,借兩團體開會,自己也有課、有會議,辦事的人員團團轉。座位對面兩列講義夾,那「品質改善之短期系列課程」是我80年代初所創的點子,我自己留下2-3課程之講義。背後是我的老師們所捐贈的一些資料和書籍,THE STORY of ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION是1951年出版的,很精彩,我們可能到了2050或2100年,都沒有財團法人可以跟他們的VISIONS 和實務相當;連同「高階層企業管理考察團(三團)」之報告,可能是高院長送的。劉振老師送的日本科技連(JUSE,Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers)的最為寶貴:


Some friends of DEN know my position and opinion on the personal impact on the 'Japanese Quality Revolution'. That is, the major and vital contributors are Japanese themselves, not any (native or overseas) quality gurus. Hence the argument of whom was more influential on the Japanese achievement or more popular is not relavant.

I admire Dr. Deming insightful and creative contribution to the theory of management and organizations. Dr. Juran's contribution is also significant.

On the other hand, the history was written and witnessed by JUSE. So I like to share with you their appreciation of Dr. Deming in an important document (note by Hanching : I used JUSE and SQC/QC in my own copy and I used their full names in the following ones) :

'The 10th Anniversary of the Deming Prize : How Have 25 Leading manufacturers Materialized SQC for Better Quality and More Efficient Operation?' May, 1960, presided by Kenichi Koyanagi

'It was in 1948, or three years after the war termination, that the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers started a series of research and investigation on the industrial application of Statistical Quality Control. But our research workers then were few, and they could avail themselves of little information and literature on the subject. Not until Dr. W. Edwards Deming gave his compact, practical Quality Control lectures in this country in August, 1950, under the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers sponsorship did our industrial application of Statistical Quality Control method start steady progress. It is his educational activities at that time and his advices and suggestion in the following years that have given us the guiding torchlight and invincible determination with which we have been well able to use QC methods wider and wider in industry, the Deming Prize was found, and it was award for the first time in 1951…

附件劉振老師與小柳賢一通信原稿(日文信應為奇美的張先生代寫);劉振老師寫「1962年1月9日小柳賢一先生贈送」(大意)。







網誌存檔